THE MINISTRY OF HIGHER AND SPECIAL SECONDARY EDUCATION OF THE REPUBLIC OF UZBEKISTAN
UZBEK STATE WORLD LANGUAGES UNIVERSITY

COURSE PAPER

Participle Constructions in English

                                                  

Done by: Muradov A	
						Group: 207
                                                   		Checked by: Lutfiddinova N

TASHKENT - 2013

Plan

1. Participle  

2. Participle I and Participle II 

3. The functions of the Participle in the sentence 

1. Participle

The Participle is intermediate between verb and adjective (it is a verbal adjective) and partially between verb and adverb (then it is a verbal adverb).
As an adjective the participle is connected with a noun-word in the sentence, either as an attribute or as a predicate:
Dr. Michael looked at the falling rain. (attribute)
Доктор Майкл ёгаётган ёмгирга бокди.

.... a broken child’s toy lies upon the floor ....  (attribute)
.... боланинг синган кугирчоги пастда ётарди .....

.... the pigeons were perched, quite still, on the edge of the dove-
cot .....  (predicative)
.... кабутарлар жимгина каптархонанинг четига кунишди .... 

It is attributive or predicative function the English participle corresponds to the Russian  причастие, but in Uzbek it is a verb:
The rising sun -  восходящее солнце - кутарилаётган куёшю
The book-cover is torn -  переплёт книги разорван - китобнинг жилди йиртилган 

But as the English participle (as all Modern English adjectives) has lost its forms of agreement with the noun with which it is connected and is no longer formally bound to that noun, it is sometimes attracted by the verb, thus assuming the force of an adverbial modifier. In such cases it corresponds to the Russian деепричастие,  and Uzbek  равишдош:

e.g. Having finished my lessons I went to home
      Окончив урок, я пошел домой.
      Дарсни тугатгач мен уйга кетдим.

Having no time I could not get there 
Не имея времени, я не мог туда пойти.
Вактим булмагач мен у ерга бора олмадим.

The adverbial force is especially felt in participle I perfect:

..... having taken the key from the lock, she led the way upstairs.
(adverbial modifier of time)
.... кулфдан калитни олгач, у юкорига йул бошлади.

And Michael, having paid the driver, looked at her lighted up in the open doorway. (adverbial modifier of time)
Хайдовчига пулни тулагач, Майкл очик эшик йулакчасида пайдо булган кизга каради. 

In many cases two interpretations are possible. In such sentences:
The children rushed into the room laughing loudly. 
Laughing - may be considered as an adverbial modifier of manner to the predicate rushed or as a predicative to the subject the children.

In the Uzbek sentence
 Болалар каттик кулишиб хонага югуриб киришди.
 «кулишиб» (равишдош) is connected only with the verb «югуриб киришди». If it were «кулаётган» (сифатдош) it would be connected only with the subject «Болалар». Thus in Uzbek where we have two distinctive forms, равишдош and сифатдош, their syntactical functions are clear-cut. 
As a verb, the participle has distinctions of voice and tense.
The participle has also other characteristics in common with the finite verb:
a) 	it may be modified by an adverb:
e.g. His son saw him gravely hanging up  his coat ....
Угли уни жахл ила уст кийимини осаётганини курди ....
The captain walked up and down looking straight before him.
Унинг олдида капитан тик бокканича у ёкдан бу ёкка юрарди.

b) 	It may have an object; if the verb is transitive, it has a direct object:
.... she heard Justine starting a fire in the kitchen.
.... у ошхонада олв ёкаётган Жастинни овозини эшитди.

She sat playing her needle and singing to herself.     
У тикиб ва узига-узи кушик хиргойи килиб утирганди.

2. Participle I and Participle II

There are two participle in English:
Participle (traditionally called the Present Participle) and Participle II (traditionally called the Past Participle). 
Participle I has tense distinctions:
non-perfect: writing
perfect: having written
The tense forms of the participle similar to those of the infinitive and the gerund comprise relative time indication - they denote that the action of the participle is either simultaneous with the action expressed by the finite verb or prior to it.
Participle I is a non-finite form of the verb with some adjectival and adverbial features. It is formed by adding the suffix -ing to the stem of the verb.1 
The adverbial character of Participle I is manifested morphologically in the categories of voice and correlation and syntactically in its combinability. Thus, like the other non-finites, it may combine with a noun or a pronoun as direct, indirect or prepositional object. It may also combine with an adverb or a prepositional phrase as an  adverbial modifier, or with a noun or adjective as a predicative.
e.g. Seeing Jane, I rushed to greet her.
Джейнни куришим биланок унга салом беришга ошикдим.
We didn’t utter a word while listening to the story. 
Биз хикояни чурк этмасдан тинглар эдик.
Rising early, you will make your days longer.
Эрта туриб сиз кунингизни узайтирасиз.
Being absent-minded, he went into wrong room. 
Хаёл огушида у бошка хонага кириб кетди.

Participle I is used as a pure verb form in the formation of the continuous aspect. 
The adjectival and adverbial features of Participle I are manifested in its syntactical functions as an attribute and an adverbial modifier.
Non-perfect Participle I active has synonymous adjectives formed from the same verb stem, such as resulting - resultant, convulsing - convulsive, abounding - abundant, deceiving - deceptive.
Some participles border on adjectives when used as attributes or predicatives and have qualitative adjectives as synonyms, e.g.

amusing - funny, boring - dull, deafening - (very) loud.

There are even some deverbal adjectives that have completely lost their verbal meaning, e.g.:  interesting, charming
When they lose their verbal character, participles may be modified by adverbs of degree used with adjectives such as very, so, too; as in 
very (greatly, exceedingly) amusing
too boring
most exciting
e.g. My job is with one of the ministers - too boring and distasteful to discuss.
Менинг ишим вазирлардан бириникидек - жудаям зерикарли ва сухбатлашишга зикнадир.

Like an adjective, Participle I forms adverbs with the suffix -ly:
laughingly, jokingly, surprisingly, admiringly, appealingly.
e.g. You surprise me, she said feelingly.
Сен мени хайратда колдирдинг, деди у хиссёна.

The non-perfect form of Participle I usually expresses that the action of the participle is simultaneous with the action of the finite form of the verb (in the present, past or future):
... I see Mr. Rochester entering.
... Мен жаноб Рочестерни кираётганини курдим.
... no moving form is visible, no coming step audible ...
... на шарпа куринадиб на оёк товуши эшитилади ...
... the fresh air, flowing through my open window cooled and composed me.
... очик деразадан кираётган тоза хаво мени янада тетиклаштирди.
The last soft light of the setting sun had fallen on the earth ...
Ботаётган куёшнинг охирги нурлари ер юзига таралди.

Depending on its syntactical function (attributive or adverbial) Participle I non-perfect is rendered into Russian by действительное причастие настоящего времени  or  деепричастие несовершенного вида  and into Uzbek  сифатдош or равишдош:
The last soft light of the setting sun ...
последний мягкий отблеск заходящего солнца ....
куёшнинг охирги ботаётган нури ....

Sometimes Participle I non-perfect expresses an action of a general character in the present, past or future (depending on the time indicated by the finite verb):
On the terrace was a broad wooden bench running round the walls.
Балконда девор буйлаб чузилган кенг тахтали утиргич бор эди.
Yesterday I passed by an elm avenue leading to a beautiful old house.
Кеча мен  чиройли кадимги уй томон олиб борувчи кенг кучадан утиб кетдим.

Participle I non-perfect may occasionally express present time absolutely without any reference to the time indicated by the finite verb:
The tower looming in the distance was built in the XV century.
Узокдан хайбатли куринаётган калъа XV асрда курилган.

Participle I non-perfect of terminative, verbs such as to arrive, to enter, to close, to open, to pass, to cross etc. .. used in the function of an adverbial modifier of time usually indicates that the action of the participle is prior to the action of the verb-predicate. In these cases the action of the verb-predicate closely follows that of the participle:
Arriving at home and going upstairs, we found that my guardian was out ... 
Уйга кайтгач юкори каватга чикаётиб биз энагамиз уйда йуклигини билдик.
He went upstairs again ... and entering his room switched on the light.
 У яна юкори каватга кайтиб чикди-да .... хонасига кира туриб чирокни ёкди.
Passing into the room, he sat down on the edge of a chair ... 
Хона ичидан утаётиб у стул четига утирди.
When Participle I non-perfect of a terminative verb express priority, it is rendered into Uzbek by сифатдош or равишдош:
Passing into the room, he sat down on the edge of a chair ... 
Хона ичидан утаётиб ....

Sometimes Participle I non-perfect of terminative verbs expresses simultaneous with the action of the finite verb:
Coming down the stairs, he was full of happiness. 
Зинадан пастга тушаётиб унинг хурсандлиги сезилди.
Crossing the street to catch his bus, he saw her drive by in her smart two-seater.
Автобусга етиб олиш учун у кучани кесиб утаётганида уни узининг чиройли автомобилида кетаётганини курди.

Participle I non-perfect always express simultaneousness when it is introduced by the conjunctions when and while:
While emptying the buckets at the back of the house he could hear an animated conversation in progress within doors ...

In those cases participle I non-perfect is rendered into Uzbek by равишдош:
Coming down the stairs, he was full of happiness.
Зинадан тушаётиб у ........

The perfect form of Participle I denotes that the action of the participle precedes the action of the finite form of the verb in the sentence:
One day he came in having just received some letters ...
In this example Participle I perfect is rendered into Uzbek by равишдош:
Бир кун у хатларни олгач, уйга кириб келди.....

Participle II - is a non-finite form of the verb with verbal and adjectival features. Participle II stands apart from the other non-finites, in that it does not possess their morphological categories. Nevertheless, being a verb form it possesses the potential verbal meaning of voice, aspect and correlation which depend upon the meaning of the verb it is formed from and which are realized in the context.
The main meanings of Participle II are those of a state as a result of some action and an action itself. One of the most essential characteristics of Participle II is that when it is used as part of the sentence, Participle II of a transitive verb is passive in meaning, Participle II of an intransitive verb is active.
Thus the participle invited, told, taken are semantically passive and correspond to the Uzbek and Russian passive participles  - таклиф килинган-приглашенный, айтилган-рассказанный, олинган-взятый.
The participle arrived, gone, risen are semantically active and correspond to the Uzbek and Russian active participles - келган-прибывший, кетган-ушедший, кутарган-поднявшийся.

The adjectival nature of Participle II manifested in its function in the sentence, which is usually that of either attribute or predicative. It may combine with adverbs of degree peculiar to adjectives, such as very, too, slightly, so, much, more as in: 
I am very pleased you - Мен сиздан жуда миннатдорман.
No man has ever had a more devoted sister than I
Хеч кимнинг мендан кура суйган синглиси булган эмас.

Instead of the negation not, which we find with the other non-finites, Participle II is often negated with the prefix un-, as in unfinished, unashamed.
Participle II may undergo adjectivization sometimes acquiring qualitative meaning and becoming synonymous with an adjective as in celebrated - famous, tired - weary. 
Some of thses deverbal adjectivs have true participles as homonyms. E.g. lets compare these phrases: the celebrated professor and the anniversary celebrated all over the world.
Similar to adjectives and Participle I, Participle II may form adverbs with the help of the suffix -ly: 
fixedly, unhurriedly, admittedly.
The adjectival nature of Participle II is traced in adjectivized participles with a form different from the verbal Participle II. These forms occur as attributes in such phrases as on blended knees, a drunken man, a lighted match etc.
Some forms are used predicatively:
 to be well-stricken inyears, to be panic-stricken.

The verbal character of Participle II is manifested in its combinability. Thus Participle II of transitive verbs easily combines with an agentive by - object, as in 
Jane entered the room followed by her brother.

Participle II of phrasal verbs retain their composite structure:
a boy brought up in a teacher’s family 
	
Participle II  of prepositional transitive verbs are followed by the appropriate prepositions:
a book often asked for, the article referred to

Ditransitive verbs keep their second object as in:
That was the main question asked her at the wedding.

Participle II may be accompanied by an adverbial modifier expressed by adverbs or phrases combining with verbs:
a house built two years before, 
man hidden in the bush , 
a play well acted

One of the main verbal features of Participle II is revealed in its functioning as part of the compound verb forms of the passive voice and the perfect. Participle II has no tense-forms. It expresses either that the action of the participle precedes the action of the finite form of the verb, or that it is simultaneous to the action of the finite form. 
This difference depends on the lexical character of the verb with terminative verbs Participle II expresses an action already completed, that is, an action which precedes the action expressed by the finite form of the verb in the sentence (broken, opened, closed, built, made etc.):
A few rough logs, laid side by side served for a bridge over this stream.   
Andrew lay with closed eyes.

3. The functions of the Participle in the sentence

Syntactical Functions of Participle I
Participle I performs the syntactical functions characteristic of the adjective and the adverb, and can therefore be used as attribute, predicative, part of a predicative construction or as adverbial modifier. It may be used alone (a) or as headword of a participial phrase (b).
a) Let sleeping dogs lie.
He drank his coffee standing.
b) There are some other people waiting for you.
The youth looked at him curiously, never having seen a Forsyte with a beard.
Participle I as Attribute     
This function is peculiar to non-perfect participle I in its main sense, that of a process simultaneous with the action denoted by the main verb or with the moment of speech. It corresponds to the Russian imperfective participle, usually active: leading—ведущий, asking— спрашивающий, sleeping— спящий. The passive participle I corresponds to the Russian imperfective passive participle: being asked—спрашиваемый, being translated—переводимый, being built—строящийся.
When a participial phrase is used as attribute it follows the modified noun. Its verbal character is evident from its verbal combinability and sometimes from the passive form itself. A participial phrase may be (a) non-detached or (b) detached:
a) We went along the street leading to the seashore. Emma sat in the armchair facing the door. Another factor concerns the formality of the language being taught.
b) Once a month Tommy, arriving separately, came in for a brief drink.
A detached participial phrase is set off from the modified noun by a comma (or commas) in writing and by a pause (or pauses) in speech.
When a single participle is used as attribute, it generally functions as a premodifier. Here we usually find only participle I active of intransitive verbs. Its verbal character is clear from the processual meaning of the verb itself: living people, a sleeping dog.

Participle I as Adverbial Modifier
All four forms of participle I can function as adverbial modifiers of different semantic types (time, reason, manner, attendant circumstances and sometimes condition, concession, comparison). In the vast majority of cases the semantic type is clear from the meaningful relationship of the modifying and modified parts of the sentence, that is of the participle or a participial phrase and the predicate group, as in:
Being a newcomer, he felt ill at ease.

The very position of facts suggests a causal relationship and thus we may say that being a newcomer is an adverbial modifier of reason.
In some cases, however, the distinction is not so obvious. For example, there may be a combination of causal and temporal elements, as in:
Seeing her, he stopped, or of causal and conditional elements:

Living alone, one becomes self-centred.

Very often in fact to make the semantical relationship clearer, certain conjunctions are employed, such as: when, while, though, as if, as though if.
1) Participle I as adverbial modifier of time may denote a simultaneous or a prior action. Here it corresponds to the Russian adverbial participle.
Non-perfect participle I active, when used as an adverbial modifier of time, usually conveys some specific action or state. Most often it is a participle of the verbs of motion (come, walk, go), position in space (sit, lie, stand).
Walking along the track, towards Buckmaster's Bowen burst into song. Returning to London, Arthur had thrown himself into the work. Standing there now on the corner of the stage, he went on as before. Lying in the hospital with his rotting woundThe dictated his farewell letter to his brother.
The notion of time is explicitly expressed by the conjunctions when and while.

He felt horrible while saying this.
Don't forget articles .when speaking English.
Participle  I  passive  is  usually  an adverbial  modifier  of priority.
He enquired hurriedly whether Mrs Forsyte was at home and bein&
informed that she was not, heaved a sigh of relief.
Being left alone, Paulina and I kept silence for some time.
Perfect participle I as adverbial modifier of time, always denotes a prior action.
They wrote because they had to, and having written, thought only of what they were going to write next.
2) Participle I as adverbial modifier of reason can be expressed by
all the four forms. The most frequently used non-perfect participles I
are those of verbs denoting mental perception and emotions, for example,
knowing, realizing, remembering, expecting, hoping, fearing; also the participles being and having.	
Hoping to catch the train, we took a taxi.
She knew that we were guilty. And knowing it, the child in her was outraged. Being hungry, I ate.
He's very conceited, you know, having parades and things all the time. Having decided on this course of action some time ago, I was unable to stay at home.
Another characteristic feature of participles functioning as adverbials of reason consists in their combinability with negation (no matter what it is expressed by).
I turned back, not knowing where to go.
Even then he hadn't been able to watch her, not having eyes in
the back of his head.
3) The meaning of attendant circumstances is one of the most characteristic of participle I, it is considered to be the main grammatical meaning of non-perfect participle I. Participle I denotes some action or event parallel to the action or state denoted by the main verb.
David was silent, fidgeting with the spoon in her saucer. I laughed, and still laughing turned away eastward.
The verbs most frequently used in this way are durative (non-terminative).
When a non-durative (terminative) ve?b occurs, it would be щоге exact to call it an adverbial of subsequent event or action, as in:
Once a month Tommy came in for a brief drink, disappearing at my nod about ten past seven. 

4) Participle I as an adverbial of manner is akin to an adverbial of attendant circumstances. The difference consists in the fact that an adverbial of manner characterizes the action of the main verb.
He came in limping (jumping).—He came in carrying a big parcel.
5) Occasionally participle I occurs as an adverbial modifier of comparison, concession or condition.
As an adverbial of comparison the participle is always preceded by the conjunction as if, as though:
As if obeying him,  I turned and stared into his face.

When participle I is used as an adverbial of concession the idea of concession may be understood from the relationship between the modified and modifying parts of the sentence. However the conjunction though makes the semantic relationship clearer.
Somebody was waiting: a man who, though moving irregularly, was making quite a speed in my direction. Participle I as an adverbial of condition is recognized by its syntactical surroundings. It is either the subjunctive mood or the future tense form which allows a participial phrase to function as an adverbial modifier of condition:
She ought to be there and her absence might be resented, but being there she wouldn't know what to say (...если бы она была там...). Well, we'll be in Scotland afore we know where we are, going at this speed (... если будем двигаться с такой скоростью).
Participle I as Predicative     
In the position of predicative only non-perfect participle I active occurs, its. adjectival character being predominant. Although keeping the form of the participle, it is treated as an adjective or an adjectivized participle, or a deverbal adjective.
The participle in this position gives the qualitative assessment of the subject (or the object, in the case of the objective predicative).
The story is amusing.—I find the story amusing.
Your answer is surprising.—I consider your answer surprising.
As seen from the above examples the verbal traits of the participle are not manifested there at all. In many cases participle I may have a synonymous adjective: deafening-loud, amusing-funny.
However, these -ing forms have one feature that keeps them within the sphere of participles, viz., their active meaning as opposed to the passive meaning of participle II: amusing-amused, surprising-surprised, etc.
Participle I as predicative can be distinguished from participle I as part of the continuous form with the help of its distribution:
The children are amusing = they seem amusing to me. But: They are amusing me.
The music is deafening = it seems deafening to me, I find it deafening.
But: The music is deafening me.	,
Participle I as predicative may be used with other link verbs, in which case it may keep its verbal character, as in:
Isadora remained standing.

The predicative constructions with Participle

In Modern English we find the following predicative constructions with the participle:

(1) the Objective Participial Construction;

(2) the Subjective Participial Construction;

(3) the Nominative Absolute Participial Construction;

(4) the Prepositional Absolute -Participial Construction.

Participle I may function as part of a predicative construction, entering into a- predicative relationship with some nominal element and forming a syntactical unit with it.
Predicative Constructions with Participle II
Participle II forms the second (verbal) element of the objective with the participle construction and of the absolute participial construction in two variants: non-prepositional and prepositional.
The objective participial construction with participle II. 
I must have my watch mended. Мне нужно починить часы.
 I never heard him spoken of badly.
Я никогда не слышал, чтобы о нем плохо отзывались.

The objective participial construction with participle II consists of a noun in the common case or a personal pronoun in the objective case and participle II forming a syntactical complex, in which the two components are in a predicative relationship. The construction functions as a complex object to transitive verbs, mainly verbs (a) of a causative meaning, (b) of physical perception, (c) of wish: a) to have, to get, to make
You must have your photo taken. Where did you have your hair done?
I won't have my best friend laughed at.
We must get our tickets registered.	
The speaker made himself heard with the help of a microphone.
Besides the causative meaning suggesting inducement, sentences with the verb have may occasionally express experience or possession, participle II emphasizing the resulting suite, as in:
The patient had an arm broken. I have my task done.
If the action is emphasized, the perfect form is preferable:
The patient had broken an arm. I have done my task.
Notice the difference- in translation:
У больного сломана рука. Больной сломал руку.	к
Мое задание выполнено.    Я выполнил задание.
b) to see, to hear, to feel, to find
Т saw Jane addressed by a stranger.
Have you ever heard the writer's name mentioned before?
We found the door locked.
c) to wish, to want, to like, to prefer
I want the answer sent at once.
We prefer the letters answered by the chief.
Sentences with causative verbs are usually translated into Russian by simple sentences, the causative meaning being evident from the context or the situation. In other cases a complex sentence is preferable with an object subordinate clause.

The Objective Participial Construction
I saw John playing tennis. I saw him playing tennis. We heard John and Peter singing. We heard them singing.

The objective participial construction consists of a noun in the common case or a pronoun in the objective case and participle I forming a syntactical complex, the two main components of which are in predicative relationship. Since the construction always follows transitive verbs, its syntactical function is that of a complex object. Thus in its meaning it corresponds to a subordinate clause and is usually translated into Russian by a subordinate object clause: Я видел, как Джон играет в теннис. Мы слышали, как они поют. In many cases, however, the translation depends on the verb it refers to and on the requirements of the Russian usage. The nominal element usually refers to a person or a thing different from that denoted by the subject of the sentence. If it refers to the same person as the subject, a reflexive pronoun is to be used, as in:
He heard himself uttering the words.
The construction is generally used with non-perfect participle I active, and occasionally it occurs with participle I passive:
I could see the decision being taken.

The objective participial construction is used:	.
a) with verbs of sense perception,	
b) with various verbs of causative meaning,
c) occasionally with verbs expressing wish.
a) to see	to notice	to find                 to listen (to)
to hear	to observe	to catch
to feel	to perceive	to discover
to watch	to smell	to look (at)
We saw (watched, heard, listened to) the train approaching the station.
Do you smell something burning?
I could feel the dog leaning against my feet.
We found him working in the garden.
Don't let me catch you doing that again! 

b) to have	to leave
to get	to start                                           
to keep	to set                                                  
I won't have you smoking at your age! They soon got (started) things going. Don't keep me waiting. I'm in a hurry. Your words set me thinking. Can you start (set) that engine going?

с) to want, to like
I don't want you talking back to me. They didn't like me leaving so early.
The Objective Participial Construction.    
 
The Objective Participial Construction is a construction in which the participle is in predicate relation to a noun in the common case or a pronoun in the objective case.
In  the  next  berth  she  could  hear  her  stepmother  breathing
heavily. (Hardy)	
Ей  было  слышно,  как  на  соседней  койке  тяжело  дышит ее
мачеха.
The participle breathing is in predicate relation to the noun stepmother, which denotes the doer of the action expressed by the participle. In the Objective Participial Construction Participle I Indefinite Active or Participle II is used. In the sentence this construction has the function of a complex object, usually corresponds to a subordinate object clause in Russian.
The Objective Participial Construction may be found:
(a) after verbs denoting sense perception, such as to see, to hear, to feel, to find, etc.
Then he looked out of the window and  saw  clouds  gathering. (Dreiser)
Потом  он  выглянул  из  окна и увидел,  что  собираются тучи. I heard my wife coming... (Conan Doyle) She could feel her hands trembling exceedingly. (Hardy) She found him waiting for her at her journey's end... (Dickens)

I saw the pony harnessed myself. (Collins)
The  dog  heard  his  name pronounced through the open door.
(Collins)
He felt himself clutched by the collar... (Hardy)
You will probably find your sister grown, Bella. (Dickens)
(b) after some verbs of mental activity, such as to consider, to understand.
I consider myself engaged to Herr Klesmer. (Eliot) Я считаю себя помолвлённой с господином Клесмером.
(c) after verbs denoting wish, such as to want, to wish, to desire. In this case only Participle II is used.
The governor wants it done quick. (Bennett) Отец хочет, чтобы это было сделано быстро.
(d) after the verbs to have and to get; after these verbs only Participle II is used.
In this case the Objective Participial Construction shows that the action expressed by the participle is performed at the request of the person denoted by the subject of the sentence. Thus  had the piano tuned means  made someone tune the piano.

I had my coat altered.
Я  переделала  пальто  (т. е. поручила  кому-то переделать его).
Не ... had several bottles of wine brought ... (Dreiser)
Ему ... принесли несколько бутылок вина.
You can get your clothes made in Europe. (Dreiser)
Вы можете заказать себе платья в Европе.
In interrogative arid negative sentences the auxiliary verb to do is used:
Why don't you have your hair waved? (Da. Maurler) Почему вы не завьетесь (не сделаете завивку)?
Occasionally the meaning of the construction is different: it may show that the person denoted by the subject of the sentence experiences the action expressed by the participle.
The wounded man had his leg amputated. Раненому ампутировали ногу.
The Subjective Participial Construction.

The Subjective Participial Construction is a construction in which the participle (mostly Participle I) is in predicate relation to a noun in the common case or a pronoun in the nominative case, which is the subject of the sentence. In rendering this construction in Russian a complex sentence is generally used; the principal clause is of the type which in Russian syntax is called 'indefinite personal' (неопределенно-личное предложение). The peculiarity of this construction is that it does not serve as one part of the sentence: one of its component parts has the function of the subject, the other forms part of a compound verbal predicate:
They were heard talking together... (Collins) This construction is chiefly used after verbs of sense perception.
The horse was seen descending the hill. (Hardy)
Видно было, как лошадь спускалась с холма.
Then   Bathsheba's   footsteps   were   heard  crossing, -the  room. (Hardy) Было слышно, как Батшеба прошла через комнату.
The Nominative Absolute Participial Construction. 
Joe  having  left  the  room   to  ring for a  taxi  as  arranged, Mary sat down again to wait for him.
This construction consists of two interdependent elements, nominal and verbal, which are in a predicative relation. The nominal element is a noun in the common case or a pronoun in the nominative case. The verbal element is participle I in any of its forms. The nominal and the verbal elements make a syntactical complex functioning as a detached adverbial modifier. Unlike- the objective participial construction it does not depend on a verb.
The difference between a participial phrase and a nominative absolute participial construction may be illustrated as follows:
Having read the novel Jane (she) put it aside.
The novel having been read, Jane (she) put it aside.
In a participial phrase the subject of the sentence is as a rule related both to the predicate verb and to the participle. In a sentence with a nominative absolute participial construction the subject of the sentence is related only to the predicate verb.
Occasionally for the sake of emphasis or clarity the subject of the sentence and the construction refer to the same person or thing, as in:
The whole building being of wood, iЈ seemed to carry .every sound like a drum.
Alongside the pattern described above the absolute participial construction may occur without a nominal part, a so-called unrelated participial construction with no subject to the participle: the participle is not related to the subject of the sentence, it may be related to some other noun or a pronoun in the sentence.
Coming along the street, an idea struck me.
This construction, though not recommended by grammarians, occurs in spoken and written English.
Many were  interested in -her,  being so pretty and having money.
The nominative absolute participial construction functions syntactically as an adverbial modifier, mainly a) an adverbial modifier of attendant circumstances, b) reason, c) occasionally time.
a) Llewellyn looked through the window, his glance travelling towards the bridge.
Mabel hurried out of the car and walked away, tears streaming down her face.
We were both standing leaning against the mantelpiece, she admiring her fan of blotting paper, I staring at her.
A nominative absolute participial construction of attendant circumstances usually stands in postposition, and is widely used in literature. It is translated into Russian by a coordinate clause: Мы оба стояли у камина; она любовалась веером из промокательной бумаги, а я глядел на нее.
b) But I  was  a  little  on  edge,   there being something to  report. The ship's band did not play in the morning, it being Sunday.
c)  The work being finished, the two girls .brushed the shreads and threads from their dresses ,and went into the shop.
Sentences with a nominative absolute participial construction as an adverbial of reason or time are translated by complex sentences with the corresponding subordinate clauses: Я нервничал, так как было о чем сообщить... Когда работа была закончена, девушки отряхнули платья и вошли в мастерскую.
As well as in sentences with participial phrases ^causal and temporal meanings may be combined, as in:
Ice having thus been broken, the two former rivals grew still more affectionate.
The Nominative Absolute Participial Construction with Participle II.
 
 The preparation completed, we started off.

The construction consists of the nominal component (a noun or a pronoun) and participle II which form a syntactical complex, the nominal component and the participle being in predicative relation. The nominative absolute participial construction with participle II has the syntactical function of a detached adverbial modifier of attendant circumstances (a), manner (b), time (c), reason (d), condition (e).
a) The next day I observed you-myself unseen-tor half an hour. She was smoking now, her eyes narrowed thoughtfully.
b) He sat on the sofa, his legs crossed.
c) The duster refolded and restored, he threw-' his legs across the saddle.
"Give it to Harriet, please," was then the direction, "and she can put it away." This said, it turned and fixed its eyes on Mrs Bretton.
d) We began to talk, but my attention distracted by my surroundings, Т took small notice of him.
e) He was a gentleman, but he was passionate, the cup once sipped, would he consent to put it down?
The Nominative Absolute Participial Construction.

The Nominative Absolute Participial Construction is a construction in which the participle stands in predicate relation to a noun in the common case or a pronoun in the nominative case; the noun or pronoun is not the subject of the sentence.
The door and window  of  the  vacant  room  being  open,  we
looked in. {Dickens)
Так   как  дверь   и   окно   пустой   комнаты   были   открыты,   мы
заглянули в нее.
In the Nominative Absolute Participial Construction Participle I (in all its forms) or Participle II is used. This construction is generally rendered in Russian by means of an adverbial clause. It is used in the function of an adverbial modifier. It can be an adverbial modifier:
(a) of time.
The lamp having been lit, Mrs. Macallan produced her son's letter. (Collins)
Когда зажгли лампу, миссис Макаллан достала письмо от сына. This duty -completed, he had three months' leave. (Hardy) Когда  эта  работа  была  закончена,  он получил трехмесячный г    отпуск.
(b) of cause.
It being now pretty late, we took our candles and went upstairs (Dickens)
Так как было довольно поздно, мы взяли свечи и пошли наверх. A knock had come to the door, and there being nobody else to answer it, Clare went out. (Hardy)
Послышался стук в дверь, и, так как больше некому было открыть, Клэр вышел.
We were walking by ourselves for an hour, George having remained behind in the hotel to write a letter to his aunt. (Jerome) Мы гуляли одни в течение часа, так как Джордж остался в отеле, чтобы написать письмо своей тетке. 
(c) of attendant circumstances. In- this function the Nominative Absolute Participial Construction is mostly placed at the end of the sentence. In rendering it in Russian a coordinate clause or деепричастный оборот is used.
He turned and went, we, as before, following him. (Jerome) Он повернулся и вышел; как и прежде, мы последовали за ним. One morning he stood in ftont of the tank, his ^nose almost pressed to the glass. (Dreiser)
Однажды утром он стоял перед витриной, почти прижавшись носом к стеклу.
(d) of condition. In this function the Nominative Absolute Participial Construction occurs but seldom and is almost exclusively used with the participles permitting and failing.
Weather (time, circumstances) permitting, we shall start tomorrow.
Если погода (время, обстоятельства) позволит, мы поедем завтра. *    Conciliation falling, force remains; but force failing,  no further hope of conciliation is left.
Если не удается достигнуть примирения, приходится применить силу; но если сила не помогает; не остается никакой надежды на примирение.
-The Nominative Absolute Participial Construction very often. occurs in fiction and scientific literature; the use of this construction in colloquial English is rare.

Prepositional Absolute Participial Construction with Participle I     
 Andrew went into the house with his heart beating fast.

A prepositional absolute construction differs from a non-prepositional participial construction in that it is introduced by the preposition with. Its nominal part is usually a noun in the common case, or very rarely a personal pronoun in the objective case. It is not necessarily  set off by a comma.
The main syntactical function of the construction is an adverbial modifier of attendant circumstances, as in:
The officer sat with his long fine hands lying on the table perfectly still.
The meaning of attendant circumstances may be combined with temporal or causal ones:
I won't speak with him staring at me like that.
Just now, with the harvest coming on, every thing looks its richest.
It (St. John's Wood) is ever so pretty with all the trees coming out.
The construction is usually translated into Russian by a coordinate or a subordinate clause, and sometimes by means of a prepositional phrase, or an adverbial participle (деепричастие).
(Когда) Эндрю вошел в дом, .сердце его сильно билось (с бьющимся сердцем). Теперь, когда приближается время жатвы, все так красиво.

The Prepositional Absolute Construction with Participle II.

 She went on reading with her eyes fixed on the pages of the book.

The construction differs from the nominative absolute construction with participle II in that it is introduced by the preposition with, its nominal element hardly ever presented by a pronoun; it is more closely related to the predicate verb and seldom set off by a comma.
The main syntactical function of the construction is that of an adverbial modifier of manner or attendant circumstances.

It is unhealthy to sleep with the windows shut.
An additional idea of time, reason, or condition may be prompted by the context, as in: I can't walk with my leg broken (reason).

  The   Prepositional    Absolute    Participial   Construction.
    The Absolute Participial Construction may be introduced by the preposition with and is then called the Prepositional Absolute Participial Construction. It is in most cases used in .the function of an adverbial modifier of attendant circumstances!
This construction is rendered in Russian by a coordinate clause or деепричастный оборот.
They were  walking   on   again,  with   Hugh   calmly   drawing   at his pipe. (Lindsay)
Они снова шли вперед; Хью спокойно  покуривал свою трубку. .    The daughter sat quite silent and still,  with her eyes fixed on the ground. (Dickens) Дочь сидела молча и неподвижно, опустив глаза в землю.
Absolute constructions without a participle.
There are two types of absolute constructions in which we find no participle. The second element of the construction is an adjective, a prepositional phrase, or an adverb.
The example is  borrowed  from A Modern English.  Grammar  by O. Jespersen.

The Nominative Absolute Construction. It is used in the function of an adverbial modifier, of time or attendant circumstances. In the function of an adverbial modifier of time this construction is rendered in Russian by an adverbial clause.
Breakfast over, he went to his counting house. (Ch. Bronte) Когда кончили завтракать, он пошел в свою контору.
In the function of an adverbial modifier of attendant circumstances the Nominative Absolute Construction is rendered either by a coordinate clause, деепричастный оборот, or a noun (pronoun) with the preposition c.
Manston went homeward  alone,  his heart full of strange emotion. (Hardy)
Мэнстон отправился домой  один;  душа  его  была  переполнена странными чувствами.
There he stood, his face  to the  south-east ... his cap in his hand. (Hardy) Он  стоял,  повернувшись  к  юго-востоку ... с  шапкой  в руке.
Mind the difference between the meaning of the following con
structions: The lesson (concert, lecture) over... and The lesson
(concert, lecture) being over... The lesson over has a temporal
meaning, whereas the, lesson being over has as a rule a causa
meaning.	
The Prepositional Absolute Construction. It is mostly
used in the function of an adverbial modifier of attendant circum
stances. In rendering this construction in Russian a coordinate clause
or -деепричастный оборот is used.
I found him ready,  and  waiting   for me,  with  his  stick in his
hand, (Collins)
Он был готов и ждал меня; в руке у него была палка.
Sikes, with Oliver's hand still in his, softly approached the low
porch, and raised the latch. (Dickens)
Сайке, все еще не выпуская  руку  Оливера из своей,   подошел
потихоньку к невысокому крыльцу и поднял щеколду.
The Nominative Absolute Participial Construction and the Nominative Absolute Construction are separated from the rest of the sentence by a comma or a semicolon.
Grandcourt... rose and strolled   out on the lawn,   all  the  dogs
following him. (Eliot)
Mr. Tulkinghorn comes and goes pretty often; there being estate
business to do. (Dickens)
Then he started out, bag and overcoat in hand, to get his cup
of coffee. (Maltz)

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